After being orphaned at age 12, Edith used her inheritance money to study mathematics and astronomy at Vassar College and became the first woman to earn an electrical engineering degree from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, the first woman professionally employed as an electrical engineer and the first female professor of electrical engineering in the U.S.
Aeronautical engineer Elizabeth "Elsie" MacGill survived polio to become the first woman to earn a masterā€™s degree in aeronautical engineering and the first practising Canadian woman engineer. She headed Canadian production of Hawker Hurricane fighter planes during the Second World War.
Physicist, mathematician, engineer, inventor and suffragette, Hertha is one of the most prolific inventors in the history of science. Her inventions included a mathematical divider; arc lamp technology for street lights, cinema projectors and military searchlights; and a fan to combat chemical gas and save lives in the trenches of the First World War.
Left a widow with four children at the age of 21, Martha discovered a design for a pyrotechnic flare in her late husband's notebook, spent 10 years perfecting it, and saw it used extensively by the U.S. Navy during the Civil War and by the Coast Guard as the main nocturnal signaling device until the mid-20th century.
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