Anthropologist Ruth Benedict overcame discrimination, and partial deafness, to lay the foundation for modern anthropology.
Famous in her own lifetime, the outspoken, thrice-married Margaret Mead is one of the most important anthropologists of the 20th century. She was the first anthropologist to study Samoan culture, which led her to believe adolescent angst is cultural not innate, and argued that men and women differ due to cultural conditioning.
A revolutionary marine biologist and nature writer, Rachel sparked the global environment movement with her 1962 book Silent Spring, warning of the dangers of pesticides. The industry attempted to discredit her research, describing her as “hysterical" - but her work led to the ban of DDT in the U.S. in 1972.
Wilderness advocate and author Margaret “Mardy” Murie helped preserve millions of acres of unspoiled land in Alaska and across the U.S. Writer Barry Lopez said: “She has a grandmother's poise, a lover's fire, a spouse's allegiance... when she is gone, the land will break down in tears.”
Marjory Douglas worked to protect the Florida Everglades and Everglades National Park contains a wilderness areas named for her legacy. Said she: "It is a woman's business to be interested in the environment. It's an extended form of housekeeping."
A suffragist and advocate for the preservation of birds, she founded in 1934 the first preserve for birds of prey and later led campaigns to protect two National Parks. “The time to protect a species," she once said, " is while it is still common.”
Celia fought to safeguard the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge became the first female president of a national conservation organization, and played a major role in the passage of legislation that protected over 100 million acres in Alaska. On her dying day, she wrote a letter to Congress urging the protection of the Arctic Refuge from oil drilling.
They played significant leadership roles in the development of North American archaeological method and theory - and in creating a more equal and supportive environment in their professional field.
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