A Great Woman of the sky and sea, Maria was the first professional astronomer in the U.S., and ocean navigator who - at 14 - was entrusted by local mariners to handle complex navigational calculations for whaling trips.
Marie's maps changed the way we view our world. An oceanographer and geologist, she wasn't allowed to go to sea (boat captains were superstitious about having women on board). Using data the men collected, she produced one of the worldā€™s first maps of the ocean floor - and proved the theory of Continental Drift.
The first woman to earn a PhD in Marine Biology in Canada, Helen was also the first zoologist to use laboratory research in marine biology. She pioneered the use of fish eggs to study cancer-causing substances in cell development.
This Japanese geochemist was a woman of many firsts - and developed the first method and tools for measuring carbon dioxide in seawater. She lived through the dropping of two atomic bombs on her home country, did extensive research into nuclear radiation. The work of Katsuko and her team led to the curtailing of oceanic nuclear experimentation.
Marine biologist who spent her life working to protect fish habitats and coastal environments in the U.S. and helped lay the groundwork for a.network of national marine sanctuaries and national estuarine research reserves. Al Gore said she pioneered an impressive national strategy for environmental management and ''served as an outstanding role model for women scientists."
Her mother got creative about babysitting, after her husband died: when Eugenie was about 9, she'd drop her off at the New York Aquarium before heading to work at a newspaper stand. The girl developed a love for all things ocean - became a pioneer in the field of scuba diving for research purposes - and changed the way we view sharks today.
A marine biologist, Rachel used her scientific background and voice to advocate for ecological conservation. In her book, Silent Spring, she blamed humanā€™s pesticide use for major ecosystem damage. Industry tried to discredit her - but Rachel's publication eventually led to the ban of DDT in the United States in 1972.
She lived at a time when women could not hope for a scientific education - yet Jeanne persisted... and became a self-taught, internationally-respected marine biologist who pioneered the aquarium and laid the groundwork for the study of octopus intelligence.
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